Ammonium chloride, Chlorpheniramine maleate, Guaiphenisine, Phenylepherine HCl, Pectoral syrup, Tolu syrup
Indications
Ammonium chloride, Chlorpheniramine maleate, Guaiphenisine, Phenylepherine HCl, Pectoral syrup, Tolu syrup is used for:
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
Ammonium chloride is primarily indicated in conditions like cough, metabolic alkalosis, urinary retention, urinary retention.
CHLORPHENAMINE
For the treatment of rhinitis, urticaria, allergy, common cold, asthma and hay fever.
GUAIFENESIN
Used to assist the expectoration of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections.
PHENYLEPHRINE
Phenylephrine is mainly used to treat nasal congestion, but may also be useful in treating hypotension and shock, hypotension during spinal anaesthesia, prolongation of spinal anaesthesia, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, symptomatic relief of external or internal hemorrhoids, and to increase blood pressure as an aid in the diagnosis of heart murmurs.
Ammonium chloride is primarily indicated in conditions like cough, metabolic alkalosis, urinary retention, urinary retention.
CHLORPHENAMINE
For the treatment of rhinitis, urticaria, allergy, common cold, asthma and hay fever.
GUAIFENESIN
Used to assist the expectoration of phlegm from the airways in acute respiratory tract infections.
PHENYLEPHRINE
Phenylephrine is mainly used to treat nasal congestion, but may also be useful in treating hypotension and shock, hypotension during spinal anaesthesia, prolongation of spinal anaesthesia, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, symptomatic relief of external or internal hemorrhoids, and to increase blood pressure as an aid in the diagnosis of heart murmurs.
Adult Dose
Child Dose
Renal Dose
Administration
Contra Indications
Precautions
Pregnancy-Lactation
Interactions
Adverse Effects
Side effects of Ammonium chloride, Chlorpheniramine maleate, Guaiphenisine, Phenylepherine HCl, Pectoral syrup, Tolu syrup :
Mechanism of Action
CHLORPHENAMINE
Chlorpheniramine binds to the histamine h1 receptor. This blocks the action of endogenous histamine, which subsequently leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine.
GUAIFENESIN
Guaifenesin may act as an irritant to gastric vagal receptors, and recruit efferent parasympathetic reflexes that cause glandular exocytosis of a less viscous mucus mixture. Cough may be provoked. This combination may flush tenacious, congealed mucopurulent material from obstructed small airways and lead to a temporary improvement in dyspnea or the work of breathing.
PHENYLEPHRINE
In general, α1-adrenergic receptors mediate contraction and hypertrophic growth of smooth muscle cells. α1-receptors are 7-transmembrane domain receptors coupled to g proteins, gq/11. Three α1-receptor subtypes, which share approximately 75% homology in their transmembrane domains, have been identified: α1a (chromosome 8), α1b (chromosome 5), and α1d (chromosome 20). Phenylephrine appears to act similarly on all three receptor subtypes. All three receptor subtypes appear to be involved in maintaining vascular tone. The α1a-receptor maintains basal vascular tone while the α1b-receptor mediates the vasocontrictory effects of exogenous α1-agonists. Activation of the α1-receptor activates gq-proteins, which results in intracellular stimulation of phospholipases c, a2, and d. This results in mobilization of ca2+ from intracellular stores, activation of mitogen-activated kinase and pi3 kinase pathways and subsequent vasoconstriction. Phenylephrine produces its local and systemic actions by acting on α1-adrenergic receptors peripheral vascular smooth muscle. Stimulation of the α1-adrenergic receptors results in contraction arteriolar smooth muscle in the periphery. Phenylephrine decreases nasal congestion by acting on α1-adrenergic receptors in the arterioles of the nasal mucosa to produce constriction; this leads to decreased edema and increased drainage of the sinus cavities.
Chlorpheniramine binds to the histamine h1 receptor. This blocks the action of endogenous histamine, which subsequently leads to temporary relief of the negative symptoms brought on by histamine.
GUAIFENESIN
Guaifenesin may act as an irritant to gastric vagal receptors, and recruit efferent parasympathetic reflexes that cause glandular exocytosis of a less viscous mucus mixture. Cough may be provoked. This combination may flush tenacious, congealed mucopurulent material from obstructed small airways and lead to a temporary improvement in dyspnea or the work of breathing.
PHENYLEPHRINE
In general, α1-adrenergic receptors mediate contraction and hypertrophic growth of smooth muscle cells. α1-receptors are 7-transmembrane domain receptors coupled to g proteins, gq/11. Three α1-receptor subtypes, which share approximately 75% homology in their transmembrane domains, have been identified: α1a (chromosome 8), α1b (chromosome 5), and α1d (chromosome 20). Phenylephrine appears to act similarly on all three receptor subtypes. All three receptor subtypes appear to be involved in maintaining vascular tone. The α1a-receptor maintains basal vascular tone while the α1b-receptor mediates the vasocontrictory effects of exogenous α1-agonists. Activation of the α1-receptor activates gq-proteins, which results in intracellular stimulation of phospholipases c, a2, and d. This results in mobilization of ca2+ from intracellular stores, activation of mitogen-activated kinase and pi3 kinase pathways and subsequent vasoconstriction. Phenylephrine produces its local and systemic actions by acting on α1-adrenergic receptors peripheral vascular smooth muscle. Stimulation of the α1-adrenergic receptors results in contraction arteriolar smooth muscle in the periphery. Phenylephrine decreases nasal congestion by acting on α1-adrenergic receptors in the arterioles of the nasal mucosa to produce constriction; this leads to decreased edema and increased drainage of the sinus cavities.